RETINOL (Retinolum).

     Vitamin A (Vitaminum A). trans-9, 13-Dimetil-7- (1, 1, 5-trimetiltsiklogeksen-5- mud-6) nonatetraen-7, 9, 11, 1 K-ol.

     Synonyms : Akseroftol, Afaxin, Alphalin, Alphasterol, Anavit, Avital, Axerol, Axerophtholum, Primavit, Viadenin, Vitaplex A, Vogan, Xerophthol and others.

     On the chemical nature of retinol concentration retinoidov group (see below), because it is derived RETINOIC acid.

     Vitamin A (retinol) found in animal products. The sources of vitamin A are butter, egg yolk, liver. Most vitamin A is found in liver, some fish (cod, sea bass, etc.), the marine animals (whale, walrus, seal).

     In plant foods such as vitamin A is not found. Many of them (carrots, spinach, lettuce, Parsley, green onions, mallow, red pepper, black currant, bilberries, kiwi, peaches, apricots, etc.) contain carotene, a provitamin A. body from carotene formed vitamin A. currently, the synthesis of vitamin A.

     In clinical practice using drugs, vitamin A, natural and synthetic drugs : retinol and retinol palmitat acetate.

     Preparations of vitamin A used in the prevention and treatment doses. Preventive doses established on the basis of the daily needs of the organism Karelians of vitamins. Daily demand for vitamin A is for adult 1, 5 mg, or 5000 IU (1 mg of vitamin A with ZZ00 IU, or IE (international, or multinational, to the unit; 1 IU = 0.3 µ g). ; For pregnant - 2 mg, or 6,600 IU; for lactating women, 2, 5 mg, or 8,250 IU; for children under 1 year, 0.5 mg, or 1,650 IU; from 1 to 6 years, 1 mg or 3 Z00 IU; from 7 years and older, as well as for boys and girls-1, 5 mg, or 5000 IU. Medical condition these doses can be increased.

     In the Far North doses for pregnant and lactating women increased by 50%; Also higher doses for children.

     Key testimony to the clinical application of vitamin A are hypothetical and beri - beri A certain eye diseases (retinitis pigmentosa, kseroftalmiya, night blindness, Keratomalacia, ekzematoznye defeat century), and skin destruction (Britain, burns, wounds, ihtioz, Acne diskeratoz, senile keratoz Some form of eczema and other inflammatory and degenerative pathological processes) to treat some skin diseases (psoriasis, acne scars) special preparations (see Etretinat, Izotretinoin etc.), close to the structure of retinol. Applied also in the treatment of rickets, malnutrition, acute respiratory infections, chronic bronchopulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel erozivno- ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, cirrhosis; For prevention education concrements in the stomach and urinary tract, etc.

     Drugs vitamin A designated inwards intramuscularly and External (local). For preventive purposes of applying the usual inside (after 10 to 15 minutes after eating). In order to designate the interior treatment, and if necessary (both phenomena disease, in violation of intake gastroenteric tract, etc.) intramuscularly (in the form of oil solutions). Solutions for the introduction of fuel injection to body temperature. In cases requiring long-term care (skin, eyes, etc.) and courses intramuscular injection can be rotated on the tricks of vitamin inside.

     Therapeutic doses of vitamin A deficiencies in the light and medium gravity are for adults to ZZ 000 IU (0.01 grams) per day; At night, kseroftalmii and retinitis pigment-50000 - 100000 IU. At the same time, designate riboflavin to 0.02 grams per day. The children are from 1000 to 5000 IU / day, depending on age.

     When skin diseases designate a day on 50000 - 100000 5000 adults and IU-IU 10000-20000 children.

     Solutions vitamin A in the oil used for the treatment of burns, wounds and Britain. Stunned station after cleaning solution cuticles and harboured gauze (cuticles to 5 to 6 times a day; As scarring and epithelization lubricating often reduced to one per day). At the same time, designate vitamin A inside or intramuscularly.

     The use of vitamin A, especially in high doses, to be carried out under the supervision of a doctor. With long-term use of large doses of possible side effects (gipervitaminoza phenomenon). Symptoms in adults gipervitaminoza A : drowsiness, weakness, headache, hyperemia person, nausea, vomiting, irritability, disturbed walking, pain in the bones of the lower limbs. The children could experience increased body temperature, vomiting, sweating, drowsiness, nausea in the skin. It may also increase pressure spinal fluid (p im with children are the udnogo g p p p retirement guide otsefalii the isolating odnichka p).

     Vitamin A must on any imenyat stayed with p ozhnostyu in patients with MAM p enthusiastic and chronic nephritis, and cardiac decompensation activities. When receiving large doses of vitamin A can also occur worsening chronic stone disease and chronic pancreatitis.

     Caution must be exercised in the appointment of retinol pregnant. In the first three months of pregnancy is not recommended vitamin A (there are reports of possible teratogennogo effects in long-term use of large doses).

     For intramuscular injections may Local pain and sometimes infiltrates education.

     Occasional doses of vitamin A should not exceed 50,000 IU for adults and 5,000 IU for children, daily-100000 IU for adults and 20,000 IU for children.

     Applied following vitamin A.

     Retinol acetate (Retinoli emplacement tas). White or pale yellow crystals with low odor. Almost nerastvorim water; Soluble in alcohol, oils and fats. Decomposes under the influence of oxygen, air and light. Activity 1 mg with 2907 IU of vitamin A.

     Retinol palmitat (Retinoli palmitas). Homogeneous dilution mass light yellow; Melts at close to 26 'S, becoming transparent oily liquid. Activity 1 mg with 1817 IU of vitamin A. In no different from retinol acetate, but more racks.

     Of retinol acetate following are finished dosage forms.

     Beans retinol acetate; Contain 3,300 IU (0.0114 grams).

     Acetate Tablets retinol (coated); Contain 33,000 IU (0.0135 grams).

     Solution retinol acetate in oil (Solutio Retinoli emplacement of leosa tatis).

     Form of : a) to receive inside of 3, 44 and 8%, 6% solution; In a 1 ml 100000 and 250000 IU vitamin A, and one drop of about 5000 and IU 12500; B) to the reception inside capsules containing 0.2 g 0.568%; 0.86, or 5%, 68% solution (in 3300,5000 or 33,000 IU); c) for intramuscular injection (Solutio Retinoli emplacement t tis of a fee l sa r r on injectionibus) in ampoules containing 1 ml 25000; IU 50000 or 100000.

     Beans retinol acetate (of 3300 IU) and capsules containing 5000 IU, appointed as a preventive measure (adults and 1 - 2 1 pills or capsules a day; Children under 7 years - 1 pills, over seven years - 1 capsule).

     Pills (to 33,000 IU), capsules, containing 33000 and 100000 IU, in injectable solutions for intramuscular injection of 25000, 50000 and 100000 IU used for medicinal purposes.

     Of retinol palmitate are following dosage forms.

     Beans retinol palmitate; Contain 3,300 IU (0.00182 grams); Used as a preventive measure.

     Pills retinol palmitate (coated); Contain 33,000 IU (0.0182 grams); Apply medical purposes.

     Solution retinol palmitate in oil (Solutio Retinoli's lmitatis on fee sa l) reception inside in the form of capsules and 100,000 IU of 5, 5 and 16%, 5% solution (by 100000 and 300000 IU IU in 1 ml) in vials on 10 and 15 ml.

     Drugs vitamin A store on the rules of the list B in the dark place at a temperature of not more than + 10 'C.

     Retinol is part of the series combined multivitamin preparations : aevit, aekol, aerovit, dekamevit, Revit, undevit, komplivit and others.

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